Olfactory deterrents or so-called ‘scented fences’ are intended to keep wildlife away from crops and urban green spaces and they are also proposed as a method to prevent accidents on infrastructure (Figure 5.4.3). Synthetically produced fragrances which imitate human or predator scents are often deployed. These products should be used only during short critical periods because animals become readily habituated (see Rationale box. Deterrents to wildlife).
5. Solutions to mitigate impacts and benefit nature
- 5.1. Introduction
- 5.2. Fencing
- 5.2.1. Location and length
- 5.2.2. Design and dimensions
- 5.2.3. Fence material and mesh types
- 5.2.4. Fencing and reinforcements for small vertebrates
- 5.2.5. Adaptation of existing fences and other systems to deter burrowing animals
- 5.2.6. Poles
- 5.2.7. Escape devices
- 5.2.8. Cattle grids and gates
- 5.2.9. Other points of attention
- 5.2.10. Fencing and screening for flying fauna
- 5.3. Driver warnings
- 5.4. Wildlife deterrents
- 5.5. Wildlife passages
- 5.5.1. Types and dimensions of fauna passages
- 5.5.2. Landscape overpasses (Ecoducts, Green bridges) and wildlife overpasses
- 5.5.3. Multiuse overpasses
- 5.5.4 Tree-top overpasses (Canopy bridges)
- 5.5.5. Bat crossings
- 5.5.6. Adapted viaducts (Landscape underpasses)
- 5.5.7. Wildlife underpasses
- 5.5.8. Multiuse underpasses
- 5.5.9. Small fauna underpasses
- 5.5.10. Adapted culverts
- 5.5.11. Fish passages
- 5.5.12. Amphibian passages
- 5.5.13. At grade fauna passages (level crossing)
- 5.6. Measures to reduce disturbances
- 5.7. Habitat-related to transport infrastructure (HTI) management
- 5.8. Invasive Alien Species (IAS)
- 5.9. Adaptation of infrastructure to climate change: risk and opportunities for biodiversity
- 5.10. Measures to reduce impacts in other transport modes
- 5.11. References